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A rock crusher at a derelict silver mine.A rock crusher is a machine designed to take large rocks and reduce them to smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust. Rock crushers produce aggregates and ready-to-process mining ores, as well as rock fill material for landscaping and erosion control. They can be used with virgin rock or other materials such as reclaimed concrete. Rock crushers can be mobile (although usually very heavy) machines or they can be fixed installations.Contents1 Process 2 Types 2.1 Jaw 2.2 Gyratory 2.3 Impact 2.3.1 Horizontal Shaft Impactor (HSI) 2.3.2 Vertical Shaft Impactor (VSI) 2.4 Cone Crusher 3 Technology 4 See also 5 External links // ProcessCrushing is the first step in converting shot rock or demolition rubble into usable products, by taking large rocks and breaking them into smaller pieces. Crushing is sometimes continued until only the sand-like 'fines' remain, and in mining applications it is usually followed by milling. At some operations, all the crushing is accomplished in one step, by a single crusher. At other operations, crushing is done in two or more steps, with a primary crusher that is followed by a secondary crusher, and sometimes a tertiary or even quaternary crusher. Each crusher is designed to work with a certain maximum size of raw material, and often delivers its output to a screening machine which sorts and directs the product for further processing.In operation, the raw material (of various sizes) is usually delivered to the primary crusher's hopper by dump trucks, excavators or wheeled front-end loaders. A feeder device such as a conveyor or vibrating grid controls the rate at which this material enters the crusher, and often contains a preliminary screening device which allows smaller material to bypass the crusher itself, thus improving efficiency. Primary crushing reduces the large pieces to a size which can be handled by the downstream machinery.TypesJaw CrusherCEMCO VSI CrusherJawThe jaw crusher squeezes rock between two ridged surfaces (jaws) which taper to form a funnel. In most designs one jaw is fixed while the other oscillates at a rate of somewhere around 3 times a second. Raw material enters the jaw crusher from the top. Pieces of rock that are larger than the opening at the bottom of the jaw lodge between the two metal plates of the jaw, and the motion of the oscillating jaw against the fixed jaw continues to pound the lodged pieces until they are broken into pieces small enough to drop through the opening at the bottom.GyratoryA gyratory crusher breaks rock by squeezing it between an eccentrically gyrating spindle (which is covered by a wear resistant mantle) and the enclosing concave hopper. As run-of-mine rock enters the top of the gyratory crusher, it becomes wedged and squeezed between the mantle and concaves. Large pieces of ore are broken once and then fall to a lower position (because they are now smaller) where they are broken again. This process continues until the pieces are small enough to fall through the narrow opening at the bottom of the crusher.ImpactThere are two types of impact crushers. The Horizontal Shaft Impactor and the Vertical Shaft Impactor.Horizontal Shaft Impactor (HSI)The HSI crushers break rock by impacting the rock with hammers that swing on a rotating shaft. The practical use of HSI crushers is limited to soft materials and non abrasive materials, such as limestone, phosphate, gypsum, weathered shales.Vertical Shaft Impactor (VSI)VSI Crushers use a different approach involving a high speed rotor with wear resistant tips and a crushing chamber designed to 'throw' the rock against. The VSI crushers utilize velocity rather than surface force as the predominant force to break rock. In its natural state, rock has a jagged and uneven surface. Applying surface force (pressure) results in unpredictable and typically non-cubicle resulting particles. Utilizing velocity rather than surface force allows the breaking force to be applied evenly both across the surface of the rock as well as through the mass of the rock. Rock, regardless of size, has natural fissures (faults) throughout its structure. As rock is 'thrown' by a VSI Rotor against a solid anvil, it fractures and breaks along these fissures. Final particle size can be controlled by 1) the velocity at which the rock is thrown against the anvil and 2) the distance between the end of the rotor and the impact point on the anvil. The product resulting from VSI Crushing is generally of a consistent cubicle shape such as that required by modern SUPERPAVE highway asphalt applications. Using this method also allows materials with much higher abrasiveness to be crushed than is capable with an HSI and most other crushing methods.VSI Crushers generally utilize a high speed spinning rotor at the center of the crushing chamber and an outer impact surface of either abrasive resistant metal anvils or crushed rock. Utilizing cast metal surfaces 'anvils' is traditionally referred to as a "Shoe and Anvil VSI". Utilizing crushed rock on the outer walls of the crusher for new rock to be crushed against is traditionally referred to as "rock on rock VSI".VSI Principal of OperationCone CrusherA cone crusher is similar in operation to a gyratory crusher, with less steepness in the crushing chamber and more of a parallel zone between crushing zones. A cone crusher breaks rock by squeezing the rock between an eccentrically gyrating spindle, which is covered by a wear resistant mantle, and the enclosing concave hopper, covered by a manganese concave or a bowl liner. As rock enters the top of the cone crusher, it becomes wedged and squeezed between the mantle and the bowl liner or concave. Large pieces of ore are broken once, and then fall to a lower position (because they are now smaller) where they are broken again. This process continues until the pieces are small enough to fall through the narrow opening at the bottom of the crusher.TechnologyFor the most part advances in crusher design have moved slowly. Jaw crushers have remained virtually unchanged for sixty years. More reliability and higher production have been added to basic cone crusher designs that have also remained largely unchanged. Increases in rotating speed, have provided the largest variation. For instance, a 48 inch (120 cm) cone crusher manufactured in 1960 may be able to produce 170 tons/hr of crushed rock, whereas the same size cone manufactured today may produce 300 tons/hr. These production improvements come from speed increases and better crushing chamber designs.The largest advance in cone crusher reliability has been seen in the use of hydraulics to protect crushers from being damaged when uncrushable objects enter the crushing chamber. Foreign objects, such as steel, can cause extensive damage to a cone crusher, and additional costs in lost production. The advance of hydraulic relief systems has greatly reduced downtime and improved the life of these machines.Cone crusher is suitable for crushing varies of mid-hard and above mid-hard ores and rocks. It has the advantage of reliable construction, high prod activity, easy adjustment and less cost in operation. The spring release system of cone crusher acts an overload protection system that allows tramp to pass through the crushing chamber without damage to the crusher, use dry oil, water, two kinds of sealed formation. It makes plaster stone and engine oil separated, assured reliable Performance.See alsoCrusher External linksWorking principle of jaw crusher Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rock crushers Categories: Industrial equipment
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2009年3月30日星期一
Sound transmission class
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This article should be divided into sections by topic, to make it more accessible. Please help by adding section headings in accordance with Wikipedia's style guidelines. (March 2008)Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound. In the USA, it is widely used to rate interior partitions, ceilings/floors, doors, windows and exterior wall configurations (see ASTM International Classification E413 and E90). Outside the USA, the Sound Reduction Index (SRI) ISO standard is used.The ASTM test methods have changed every few years and over many years have been changed significantly. Thus, STC results posted before 1999 may not produce the same results today, and this difference becomes wider as one goes back in time (that is the differences in test method from the 1970's to today are vast).The STC number is derived from sound attenuation values tested at sixteen standard frequencies from 125 Hz to 4000Hz. These transmission-loss values are then plotted on a sound pressure level graph and the resulting curve is compared to a standard reference contour. Acoustical engineers fit these values to the appropriate TL Curve (or Transmission Loss) to determine an STC rating. The measurement is accurate for speech sounds but less so for amplified music, mechanical equipment noise, transportation noise or any sound with substantial low-frequency energy below 125Hz. Sometimes, acoustical labs will measure TL at frequencies below the normal STC boundary of 125Hz, possibly down to 50Hz or lower, thus giving additional valuable data to evaluate transmission loss at very low frequencies, such as a subwoofer-rich home theater system would produce. Alternatively, Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) is a standard used for indicating the rate of transmission of sound between outdoor and indoor spaces in a structure that considers frequencies down to 80Hz (Aircraft/Rail/Truck traffic) and is weighted more to lower frequencies.STC is roughly the decibel reduction in noise a partition can provide, abbreviated 'dB'. The dB scale is a logarithmic one and the human ear perceives a 10dB reduction in sound as roughly halving the volume - a 40 dB noise subjectively seems half as loud as a 50 dB one. (For more detail on equal-loudness curves see: Fletcher-Munson curves.) If an 80dB sound on one side of a wall/floor/ceiling is reduced to 50dB on the other side, that partition is said to have an STC of 30. This number does not apply across the range of frequencies, since the STC value is derived from a curve-fit of many datapoints. Any partition will have less TL at lower frequencies. For example, a wall with an STC of 30 may provide over 40dB of attenuation at 3000Hz but only 10dB of attenuation at 125Hz.Typical interior walls in homes (2 sheets of 1/2" drywall on a wood stud frame) have an STC of about 33. When asked to rate their acoustical performance, people often describe these walls as "paper thin". They offer little in the way of privacy. Adding absorptive insulation (i.e. fiberglass batts) in the wall cavity increases the STC to 36-39, depending on stud and screw spacing. Doubling up the drywall in addition to insulation can yield STC 41-45, provided the wall gaps and penetrations are sealed properly.Note that doubling the mass of a partition does not double the STC. Doubling the mass (going from two total sheets of drywall to four, for instance) typically adds 5-6 points to the STC. Breaking the vibration paths by decoupling the panels from each other will increase transmission loss much more effectively than simply adding more and more mass to a monolithic wall/floor/ceiling assembly.Structurally decoupling the drywall panels from each other (by using resilient channels, steel studs, a staggered-stud wall, or a double stud wall) can yield an STC as high as 63 or more for a double stud wall (see table below), with good low-frequency transmission loss as well. Compared to the baseline wall of STC 33, an STC 63 wall will transmit only 1/1000 as much sound energy, seem 88 percent quieter and will render most frequencies inaudible.Due to their high density, concrete and concrete block walls have good TL values (STC's in the 40s and 50s for 4-8" thickness) but their weight, added complexity of construction and poor thermal insulation tend to limit them as viable materials in most residential wall construction, except in temperate climates and hurricane or tornado prone areas. Various Cellulose insulation installation options can result in an STC of 50 or greater. [1]Materials which can improve STC's in walls include mass-loaded vinyl (MLV) and soundproof drywall, such as QuietRock.It must be noted that acoustical performance values such as STC are measured in specially constructed acoustical chambers and field conditions such as lack of adequate sealing, outlet boxes, back-to-back electrical boxes, medicine cabinets, flanking paths and structure-borne sound can diminish acoustical performance. The as-built 'field-STC' (FSTC) is usually lower than the laboratory-measured STC.Section 1207 of International Building Code 2006 states that separation between dwelling units and between dwelling units and public and service areas must achieve STC 50 (STC 45 if field tested) for both airborne and structure borne. However, not all jurisdictions use the IBC 2006 for their building or municipal code. In jurisdictions where IBC 2006 is used, this requirement may not apply to all dwelling units. For example, a building conversion may not need to meet this rating for all walls.In serious cases (for instance, a bedroom adjacent to a home theater room, and an inconsiderate nocturnal neighbor, to boot) a partition to reduce sounds from high-powered home theater or stereo should ideally be STC 70 or greater, and show good attenuation at low frequencies. An STC 70 wall can require detailed design and construction and can be easily compromised by 'flanking noise', sound traveling around the partition through the contiguous frame of the structure, thus reducing the STC significantly. STC 65 to 70 walls are often designed into luxury multifamily units, dedicated home theaters, and high end hotels.The demanding THX reference standard (a guideline for high-quality audio in movie soundtracks) requires partitions to achieve 50dB of attenuation at 63Hz. Few walls can meet that, as that requires a wall with an STC of 80 or higher. For all practical purposes, no sound will be heard on the other side of the wall with this level of construction. However, an STC this high is not achievable in simple construction and this level of isolation is only feasible for high-end studios and theaters, where the design and construction can be carefully controlled and the additional cost is justified.Contents1 Sound Transmission Class Examples 2 See also 3 External links 4 References // Sound Transmission Class ExamplesSTCWhat can be heard25Normal speech can be understood quite easily and distinctly through wall30Loud speech can be understood fairly well, normal speech heard but not understood35Loud speech audible but not intelligible40Onset of "privacy"42Loud speech audible as a murmur45Loud speech not audible; 90% of statistical population not annoyed50Very loud sounds such as musical instruments or a stereo can be faintly heard; 99% of population not annoyed.60+Superior soundproofing; most sounds inaudibleSTCPartition type33Single layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, wood studs, no insulation (typical interior wall)45Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, wood studs, batt insulation in wall46Single layer of 1/2" drywall, glued to 6" lightweight concrete block wall, painted both sides54Single layer of 1/2" drywall, glued to 8" dense concrete block wall, painted both sides55Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, on staggered wood stud wall, batt insulation in wall59Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, on wood stud wall, resilient channels on one side, batt insulation63Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, on double wood/metal stud walls (spaced 1" apart), double batt insulation728" concrete block wall, painted, with 1/2" drywall on independent steel stud walls, each side, insulation in cavitiesSTC partition ratings taken from: "Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers"; Cyril M. Harris, 1994See alsoArchitectural acoustics Sound Reduction Index External linksArticle "Understanding STC" STC - diracdelta.co.uk - examples and javascript calculation from 1/3 octave values References^ ICC Legacy Report ER-2833 - Cocoon Thermal and Sound Insulation Products, ICC Evaluation Services, Inc., http://www.icc-es.org Categories: Acoustics Construction Noise reductionHidden categories: Articles needing sections
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This article should be divided into sections by topic, to make it more accessible. Please help by adding section headings in accordance with Wikipedia's style guidelines. (March 2008)Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound. In the USA, it is widely used to rate interior partitions, ceilings/floors, doors, windows and exterior wall configurations (see ASTM International Classification E413 and E90). Outside the USA, the Sound Reduction Index (SRI) ISO standard is used.The ASTM test methods have changed every few years and over many years have been changed significantly. Thus, STC results posted before 1999 may not produce the same results today, and this difference becomes wider as one goes back in time (that is the differences in test method from the 1970's to today are vast).The STC number is derived from sound attenuation values tested at sixteen standard frequencies from 125 Hz to 4000Hz. These transmission-loss values are then plotted on a sound pressure level graph and the resulting curve is compared to a standard reference contour. Acoustical engineers fit these values to the appropriate TL Curve (or Transmission Loss) to determine an STC rating. The measurement is accurate for speech sounds but less so for amplified music, mechanical equipment noise, transportation noise or any sound with substantial low-frequency energy below 125Hz. Sometimes, acoustical labs will measure TL at frequencies below the normal STC boundary of 125Hz, possibly down to 50Hz or lower, thus giving additional valuable data to evaluate transmission loss at very low frequencies, such as a subwoofer-rich home theater system would produce. Alternatively, Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) is a standard used for indicating the rate of transmission of sound between outdoor and indoor spaces in a structure that considers frequencies down to 80Hz (Aircraft/Rail/Truck traffic) and is weighted more to lower frequencies.STC is roughly the decibel reduction in noise a partition can provide, abbreviated 'dB'. The dB scale is a logarithmic one and the human ear perceives a 10dB reduction in sound as roughly halving the volume - a 40 dB noise subjectively seems half as loud as a 50 dB one. (For more detail on equal-loudness curves see: Fletcher-Munson curves.) If an 80dB sound on one side of a wall/floor/ceiling is reduced to 50dB on the other side, that partition is said to have an STC of 30. This number does not apply across the range of frequencies, since the STC value is derived from a curve-fit of many datapoints. Any partition will have less TL at lower frequencies. For example, a wall with an STC of 30 may provide over 40dB of attenuation at 3000Hz but only 10dB of attenuation at 125Hz.Typical interior walls in homes (2 sheets of 1/2" drywall on a wood stud frame) have an STC of about 33. When asked to rate their acoustical performance, people often describe these walls as "paper thin". They offer little in the way of privacy. Adding absorptive insulation (i.e. fiberglass batts) in the wall cavity increases the STC to 36-39, depending on stud and screw spacing. Doubling up the drywall in addition to insulation can yield STC 41-45, provided the wall gaps and penetrations are sealed properly.Note that doubling the mass of a partition does not double the STC. Doubling the mass (going from two total sheets of drywall to four, for instance) typically adds 5-6 points to the STC. Breaking the vibration paths by decoupling the panels from each other will increase transmission loss much more effectively than simply adding more and more mass to a monolithic wall/floor/ceiling assembly.Structurally decoupling the drywall panels from each other (by using resilient channels, steel studs, a staggered-stud wall, or a double stud wall) can yield an STC as high as 63 or more for a double stud wall (see table below), with good low-frequency transmission loss as well. Compared to the baseline wall of STC 33, an STC 63 wall will transmit only 1/1000 as much sound energy, seem 88 percent quieter and will render most frequencies inaudible.Due to their high density, concrete and concrete block walls have good TL values (STC's in the 40s and 50s for 4-8" thickness) but their weight, added complexity of construction and poor thermal insulation tend to limit them as viable materials in most residential wall construction, except in temperate climates and hurricane or tornado prone areas. Various Cellulose insulation installation options can result in an STC of 50 or greater. [1]Materials which can improve STC's in walls include mass-loaded vinyl (MLV) and soundproof drywall, such as QuietRock.It must be noted that acoustical performance values such as STC are measured in specially constructed acoustical chambers and field conditions such as lack of adequate sealing, outlet boxes, back-to-back electrical boxes, medicine cabinets, flanking paths and structure-borne sound can diminish acoustical performance. The as-built 'field-STC' (FSTC) is usually lower than the laboratory-measured STC.Section 1207 of International Building Code 2006 states that separation between dwelling units and between dwelling units and public and service areas must achieve STC 50 (STC 45 if field tested) for both airborne and structure borne. However, not all jurisdictions use the IBC 2006 for their building or municipal code. In jurisdictions where IBC 2006 is used, this requirement may not apply to all dwelling units. For example, a building conversion may not need to meet this rating for all walls.In serious cases (for instance, a bedroom adjacent to a home theater room, and an inconsiderate nocturnal neighbor, to boot) a partition to reduce sounds from high-powered home theater or stereo should ideally be STC 70 or greater, and show good attenuation at low frequencies. An STC 70 wall can require detailed design and construction and can be easily compromised by 'flanking noise', sound traveling around the partition through the contiguous frame of the structure, thus reducing the STC significantly. STC 65 to 70 walls are often designed into luxury multifamily units, dedicated home theaters, and high end hotels.The demanding THX reference standard (a guideline for high-quality audio in movie soundtracks) requires partitions to achieve 50dB of attenuation at 63Hz. Few walls can meet that, as that requires a wall with an STC of 80 or higher. For all practical purposes, no sound will be heard on the other side of the wall with this level of construction. However, an STC this high is not achievable in simple construction and this level of isolation is only feasible for high-end studios and theaters, where the design and construction can be carefully controlled and the additional cost is justified.Contents1 Sound Transmission Class Examples 2 See also 3 External links 4 References // Sound Transmission Class ExamplesSTCWhat can be heard25Normal speech can be understood quite easily and distinctly through wall30Loud speech can be understood fairly well, normal speech heard but not understood35Loud speech audible but not intelligible40Onset of "privacy"42Loud speech audible as a murmur45Loud speech not audible; 90% of statistical population not annoyed50Very loud sounds such as musical instruments or a stereo can be faintly heard; 99% of population not annoyed.60+Superior soundproofing; most sounds inaudibleSTCPartition type33Single layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, wood studs, no insulation (typical interior wall)45Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, wood studs, batt insulation in wall46Single layer of 1/2" drywall, glued to 6" lightweight concrete block wall, painted both sides54Single layer of 1/2" drywall, glued to 8" dense concrete block wall, painted both sides55Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, on staggered wood stud wall, batt insulation in wall59Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, on wood stud wall, resilient channels on one side, batt insulation63Double layer of 1/2" drywall on each side, on double wood/metal stud walls (spaced 1" apart), double batt insulation728" concrete block wall, painted, with 1/2" drywall on independent steel stud walls, each side, insulation in cavitiesSTC partition ratings taken from: "Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers"; Cyril M. Harris, 1994See alsoArchitectural acoustics Sound Reduction Index External linksArticle "Understanding STC" STC - diracdelta.co.uk - examples and javascript calculation from 1/3 octave values References^ ICC Legacy Report ER-2833 - Cocoon Thermal and Sound Insulation Products, ICC Evaluation Services, Inc., http://www.icc-es.org Categories: Acoustics Construction Noise reductionHidden categories: Articles needing sections
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Receiver (radio)
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This article is about a radio receiver, for other uses see Radio (disambiguation).A radio receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer, such as sound, pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational positions, etc.[1]Old-fashioned radio receiver--wireless Truetone model from about 1940In consumer electronics, the terms radio and radio receiver are often used specifically for receivers designed for the sound signals transmitted by radio broadcasting services ?historically the first mass-market radio application.Contents1 Types of radio receivers 2 Consumer audio receivers 2.1 Hi-Fi / Home theater 2.2 Portable radios 3 History of radio receivers 3.1 Early development 3.2 Valves 3.3 Autodyne and superheterodyne 3.4 War and postwar developments 3.5 Semiconductors 3.6 Digital technologies 4 References 5 See also // Types of radio receiversVarious types of radio receivers may include:Consumer audio and high fidelity audio receivers and AV receivers used by home stereo listeners and audio and home theatre system enthusiasts. Communications receivers, used as a component of a radio communication link, characterized by high stability and reliability of performance. Simple crystal radio receivers (also known as a crystal set) which operate using the power received from radio waves. Satellite television receivers, used to receive television programming from communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit. Specialized-use receivers such as telemetry receivers that allow the remote measurement and reporting of information. Measuring receivers (also: measurement receivers) are calibrated laboratory-grade devices that are used to measure the signal strength of broadcasting stations, the electromagnetic interference radiation emitted by electrical products, as well as to calibrate RF attenuators and signal generators. Scanners are specialized receivers that can automatically scan two or more discrete frequencies, stopping when they find a signal on one of them and then continuing to scan other frequencies when the initial transmission ceases. They are mainly used for monitoring VHF and UHF radio systems. Consumer audio receiversThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)In the context of home audio systems, the term "receiver" often refers to a combination of a tuner, a preamplifier, and a power amplifier all on the same chassis. Audiophiles will refer to such a device as an integrated receiver, while a single chassis that implements only one of the three component functions is called a discrete component. Some audio purists still prefer three discreet units - tuner, preamplifier and power amplifier - but the integrated receiver has, for some years, been the mainstream choice for music listening. The first integrated stereo receiver was made by the Harman Kardon company, and came onto the market in 1958. It had undistinguished performance, but it represented a breakthrough to the "all in one" concept of a receiver, and rapidly improving designs gradually made the receiver the mainstay of the marketplace. Many radio receivers also include a loudspeaker.Hi-Fi / Home theaterMain article: Home cinemaToday AV receivers are a common component in a high-fidelity or home-theatre system. The receiver is generally the nerve centre of a sophisticated home-theatre system providing selectable inputs for a number of different audio components like turntables, compact-disc players and recorders, and tape decks ( like video-cassette recorders) and video components (DVD players and recorders, video-game systems, and televisions).With the decline of vinyl discs, modern receivers tend to omit inputs for turntables, which have separate requirements of their own. All other common audio/visual components can use any of the identical line-level inputs on the receiver for playback, regardless of how they are marked (the "name" on each input is mostly for the convenience of the user.) For instance, a second CD player can be plugged into an "Aux" input, and will work the same as it will in the "CD" input jacks.Some receivers can also provide signal processors to give a more realistic illusion of listening in a concert hall. Digital audio S/PDIF and USB connections are also common today. The home theater receiver, in the vocabulary of consumer electronics, comprises both the 'radio receiver' and other functions, such as control, sound processing, and power amplification. The standalone radio receiver is usually known in consumer electronics as a tuner.Some modern integrated receivers can send audio out to seven loudspeakers and an additional channel for a subwoofer and often include connections for headphones. Receivers vary greatly in price, and support stereophonic or surround sound. A high-quality receiver for dedicated audio-only listening (two channel stereo) can be relatively inexpensive; excellent ones can be purchased for $300 US or less. Because modern receivers are purely electronic devices with no moving parts unlike electromechanical devices like turntables and cassette decks, they tend to offer many years of trouble-free service. In recent years, the home theater in a box has become common, which often integrates a surround-capable receiver with a DVD player. The user simply connects it to a television, perhaps other components, and a set of loudspeakers.Portable radiosPortable radios include simple transistor radios that are typically monoaural and receive the AM, FM, and/or short wave broadcast bands. FM, and often AM, radios are sometimes included as a feature of portable DVD/CD, MP3 CD, and USB key players, as well as cassette player/recorders.AM/FM stereo car radios can be a separate dashboard mounted component or a feature of in car entertainment systems.A Boombox (or Boom-box)梐lso sometimes known as a Ghettoblaster or a Jambox, or (in parts of Europe) as a "radio-cassette"梚s a name given to larger portable stereo systems capable of playing radio stations and recorded music, often at a high level of volume.Self-powered portable radios, such as clockwork radios are used in developing nations or as part of an emergency preparedness kit.[2]History of radio receiversFor the history of radio transmitting, see radio.For the inventors of radio technology, see Invention of radio.Early developmentWhile James Clerk Maxwell was the first person to prove electromagnetic waves existed, in 1887 a German named Heinrich Hertz demonstrated these new waves by using spark gap equipment to transmit and receive radio or "Hertzian waves", as they were first called.The world抯 first radio receiver (thunderstorm register) was designed by Alexander Stepanovich Popov, and it was first seen at the All-Russia exhibition in 1896. He was the first to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic (radio) waves,[3] although he did not care to apply for a patent for his invention.A device called a coherer became the basis for receiving radio signals. The first person to use the device to detect radio waves was a Frenchman named Edouard Branly, and Oliver Lodge popularised it when he gave a lecture in 1898 in honour of Hertz. Lodge also made improvements to the coherer. Guglielmo Marconi believed that these new waves could be used to communicate over great distances and made significant improvements to both radio receiving and transmitting apparatus. In 1895 Marconi demonstrated the first viable radio system, leading to transatlantic radio communication in December 1901.John Ambrose Fleming's development of an early thermionic valve to help detect radio waves was based upon a discovery of Thomas Edison's (called "The Edison effect", which essentially modified an early light bulb). Fleming called it his "oscillation valve" because it acted in the same way as water valve in only allowing flow in one direction. While Fleming's valve was a great stride forward it would take some years before thermionic, or vacuum tube technology was fully adopted.Around this time work on other types of detectors started to be undertaken and it resulted in what was later known as the cat's whisker. It consisted of a crystal of a material such as galena with a small springy piece of wire brought up against it. The detector was constructed so that the wire contact could be moved to different points on the crystal, and thereby obtain the best point for rectifying the signal and the best detection. They were never very reliable as the "whisker" needed to be moved periodically to enable it to detect the signal properly.[4]ValvesAn American named Lee de Forest, a competitor to Marconi, set about to develop receiver technology that did not infringe any patents to which Marconi had access. He took out a number of patents in the period between 1905 and 1907 covering a variety of developments that culminated in the form of the triode valve in which there was a third electrode called a grid. He called this an audion tube. One of the first areas in which valves were used was in the manufacture of telephone repeaters, and although the performance was poor, they gave significant improvement in long distance telephone receiving circuits.With the discovery that triode valves could amplify signals it was soon noticed that they would also oscillate, a fact that was exploited in generating signals. Once the triode was established as an amplifier it made a tremendous difference to radio receiver performance as it allowed the incoming signals to be amplified. One way that proved very successful was introduced in 1913 and involved the use of positive feedback in the form of a regenerative detector. This gave significant improvements in the levels of gain that could be achieved, greatly increasing selectivity, enabling this type of receiver to outperform all other types of the era. ?With the outbreak of the First World War, there was a great impetus to develop radio receiving technology further. An American named Irving Langmuir helped introduce a new generation of totally air-evacuated "hard" valves. H. J. Round undertook some work on this and in 1916 he produced a number valves with the grid connection taken out of the top of the envelope away from the anode connection.[4]Autodyne and superheterodyneBy the 1920s, the tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) represented a major improvement in performance over what had been available before, it still fell short of the needs for some of the new applications. To enable receiver technology to meet the needs placed upon it a number of new ideas started to surface. One of these was a new form of direct conversion receiver. Here an internal or local oscillator was used to beat with the incoming signal to produce an audible signal that could be amplified by an audio amplifier.H. J. Round developed a receiver he called an autodyne in which the same valve was used as a mixer and an oscillator, Whilst the set used fewer valves it was difficult to optimise the circuit for both the mixer and oscillator functions.The next leap forward in receiver technology was a new type of receiver known as the superheterodyne, or supersonic heterodyne receiver. A Frenchman named Lucien Levy was investigating ways in which receiver selectivity could be improved and in doing this he devised a system whereby the signals were converted down to a lower frequency where the filter bandwidths could be made narrower. A further advantage was that the gain of valves was considerably greater at the lower frequencies used after the frequency conversion, and there were fewer problems with the circuits bursting into oscillation.The idea for developing a receiver with a fixed intermediate frequency amplifier and filter is credited to Edwin Armstrong. Working for the American Expeditionary Force in Europe in 1918, Armstrong thought that if the incoming signals were mixed with a variable frequency oscillator, a low frequency fix tuned amplifier could be used. Armstrong's original receiver consisted of a total of eight valves. Several tuned circuits could be cascaded to improve selectivity, and being on a fixed frequency they did not all need to be changed in line with one another. The filters could be preset and left correctly tuned. Armstrong was not the only person working on the idea of a superhet. Alexander Meissner in Germany took out a patent for the idea six months before Armstrong, but as Meissner did not prove the idea in practice and did not build a superhet radio, the idea is credited to Armstrong.The need for the increased performance of the superhet receiver was first felt in America, and by the late 1920s most sets were superhets. However in Europe the number of broadcast stations did not start to rise as rapidly until later. Even so by the mid 1930s virtually all receiving sets in Europe as well were using the superhet principle. In 1926 the tetrode valve was introduced, and enabled further improvements in performance.[4]War and postwar developmentsMilitary HF receiver, type BC-224-D (1942)?In 1939 the outbreak of war gave a new impetus to receiver development. During this time a number of classic communications receivers were designed. Some like the National HRO are still sought by enthusiasts today and although they are relatively large by today's standards, they can still give a good account of themselves under current crowded band conditions. In the late 1940s the transistor was discovered. Initially the devices were not widely used because of their expense, and the fact that valves were being made smaller, and performed better. However by the early 1960s portable transistor broadcast receivers (transistor radios) were hitting the market place. These radios were ideal for broadcast reception on the long and medium wave bands. They were much smaller than their valve equivalents, they were portable and could be powered from batteries. Although some valve portable receivers were available, batteries for these were expensive and did not last for long. The power requirements for transistor radios were very much less, resulting in batteries lasting for much longer and being considerably cheaper.[4]SemiconductorsFurther developments in semiconductor technology led to the introduction of the integrated circuit in the late 1950s.[5] This enabled radio receiver technology to move forward even further. Integrated circuits enabled high performance circuits to be built for less cost, and significant amounts of space could be saved.As a result of these developments new techniques could be introduced. One of these was the frequency synthesizer that was used to generate the local oscillator signal for the receiver. By using a synthesizer it was possible to generate a very accurate and stable local oscillator signal. Also the ability of synthesizers to be controlled by microprocessors meant that many new facilities could be introduced apart from the significant performance improvements offered by synthesizers.[4]Digital technologiesMain article: Digital radioReceiver technology is still moving forward. Digital signal processing where many of the functions performed by an analog intermediate frequency stage can be performed digitally by converting the signal to a digital stream that is manipulated mathematically is now widespread. The new digital audio broadcasting standard being introduced can only be used when the receiver can manipulate the signal digitally.While today's radios are miracles of modern technology, filled with low power high performance integrated circuits crammed into the smallest spaces, the basic principle of the radio is usually the superhet, the same idea which was developed by Edwin Armstrong back in 1918.[4]References^ http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/receivers/index.php Radio-Electronics, Radio Receiver Technology ^ http://radio.electrical-guide.info/types/ The Radio Guide, Types of Portable Radios ^ "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". IEEE. http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1008&article=tionline/legacy/inst2005/may05/5w.fhistory.xml&. Retrieved on 16 July 2006. ^ a b c d e f "History of the Radio Receiver". Radio-Electronics.Com. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/radio_history/radiohist/hstrx.php#top. Retrieved on 2007-11-23. ^ http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml Texas Instruments, The Chip That Jack Built Communications Receivers, Third Edition, Ulrich L. Rohde, Jerry Whitaker, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 2001, ISBN 0-07-136121-9See alsoRadio portalAV receiver Car audio Crystal radio receiver Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB). Direct conversion receiver Internet radio device Neutrodyne Portable media player Radar Radar warning receiver Receiver (information theory) Regenerative radio receiver Satellite receiver Satnav Table radio Telecommunication Television receive-only Transistor radio Tuned radio frequency receiver Tuner (radio) Categories: Consumer electronics Radio electronics Telecommunications equipment Russian inventionsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from November 2007
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This article is about a radio receiver, for other uses see Radio (disambiguation).A radio receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer, such as sound, pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational positions, etc.[1]Old-fashioned radio receiver--wireless Truetone model from about 1940In consumer electronics, the terms radio and radio receiver are often used specifically for receivers designed for the sound signals transmitted by radio broadcasting services ?historically the first mass-market radio application.Contents1 Types of radio receivers 2 Consumer audio receivers 2.1 Hi-Fi / Home theater 2.2 Portable radios 3 History of radio receivers 3.1 Early development 3.2 Valves 3.3 Autodyne and superheterodyne 3.4 War and postwar developments 3.5 Semiconductors 3.6 Digital technologies 4 References 5 See also // Types of radio receiversVarious types of radio receivers may include:Consumer audio and high fidelity audio receivers and AV receivers used by home stereo listeners and audio and home theatre system enthusiasts. Communications receivers, used as a component of a radio communication link, characterized by high stability and reliability of performance. Simple crystal radio receivers (also known as a crystal set) which operate using the power received from radio waves. Satellite television receivers, used to receive television programming from communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit. Specialized-use receivers such as telemetry receivers that allow the remote measurement and reporting of information. Measuring receivers (also: measurement receivers) are calibrated laboratory-grade devices that are used to measure the signal strength of broadcasting stations, the electromagnetic interference radiation emitted by electrical products, as well as to calibrate RF attenuators and signal generators. Scanners are specialized receivers that can automatically scan two or more discrete frequencies, stopping when they find a signal on one of them and then continuing to scan other frequencies when the initial transmission ceases. They are mainly used for monitoring VHF and UHF radio systems. Consumer audio receiversThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)In the context of home audio systems, the term "receiver" often refers to a combination of a tuner, a preamplifier, and a power amplifier all on the same chassis. Audiophiles will refer to such a device as an integrated receiver, while a single chassis that implements only one of the three component functions is called a discrete component. Some audio purists still prefer three discreet units - tuner, preamplifier and power amplifier - but the integrated receiver has, for some years, been the mainstream choice for music listening. The first integrated stereo receiver was made by the Harman Kardon company, and came onto the market in 1958. It had undistinguished performance, but it represented a breakthrough to the "all in one" concept of a receiver, and rapidly improving designs gradually made the receiver the mainstay of the marketplace. Many radio receivers also include a loudspeaker.Hi-Fi / Home theaterMain article: Home cinemaToday AV receivers are a common component in a high-fidelity or home-theatre system. The receiver is generally the nerve centre of a sophisticated home-theatre system providing selectable inputs for a number of different audio components like turntables, compact-disc players and recorders, and tape decks ( like video-cassette recorders) and video components (DVD players and recorders, video-game systems, and televisions).With the decline of vinyl discs, modern receivers tend to omit inputs for turntables, which have separate requirements of their own. All other common audio/visual components can use any of the identical line-level inputs on the receiver for playback, regardless of how they are marked (the "name" on each input is mostly for the convenience of the user.) For instance, a second CD player can be plugged into an "Aux" input, and will work the same as it will in the "CD" input jacks.Some receivers can also provide signal processors to give a more realistic illusion of listening in a concert hall. Digital audio S/PDIF and USB connections are also common today. The home theater receiver, in the vocabulary of consumer electronics, comprises both the 'radio receiver' and other functions, such as control, sound processing, and power amplification. The standalone radio receiver is usually known in consumer electronics as a tuner.Some modern integrated receivers can send audio out to seven loudspeakers and an additional channel for a subwoofer and often include connections for headphones. Receivers vary greatly in price, and support stereophonic or surround sound. A high-quality receiver for dedicated audio-only listening (two channel stereo) can be relatively inexpensive; excellent ones can be purchased for $300 US or less. Because modern receivers are purely electronic devices with no moving parts unlike electromechanical devices like turntables and cassette decks, they tend to offer many years of trouble-free service. In recent years, the home theater in a box has become common, which often integrates a surround-capable receiver with a DVD player. The user simply connects it to a television, perhaps other components, and a set of loudspeakers.Portable radiosPortable radios include simple transistor radios that are typically monoaural and receive the AM, FM, and/or short wave broadcast bands. FM, and often AM, radios are sometimes included as a feature of portable DVD/CD, MP3 CD, and USB key players, as well as cassette player/recorders.AM/FM stereo car radios can be a separate dashboard mounted component or a feature of in car entertainment systems.A Boombox (or Boom-box)梐lso sometimes known as a Ghettoblaster or a Jambox, or (in parts of Europe) as a "radio-cassette"梚s a name given to larger portable stereo systems capable of playing radio stations and recorded music, often at a high level of volume.Self-powered portable radios, such as clockwork radios are used in developing nations or as part of an emergency preparedness kit.[2]History of radio receiversFor the history of radio transmitting, see radio.For the inventors of radio technology, see Invention of radio.Early developmentWhile James Clerk Maxwell was the first person to prove electromagnetic waves existed, in 1887 a German named Heinrich Hertz demonstrated these new waves by using spark gap equipment to transmit and receive radio or "Hertzian waves", as they were first called.The world抯 first radio receiver (thunderstorm register) was designed by Alexander Stepanovich Popov, and it was first seen at the All-Russia exhibition in 1896. He was the first to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic (radio) waves,[3] although he did not care to apply for a patent for his invention.A device called a coherer became the basis for receiving radio signals. The first person to use the device to detect radio waves was a Frenchman named Edouard Branly, and Oliver Lodge popularised it when he gave a lecture in 1898 in honour of Hertz. Lodge also made improvements to the coherer. Guglielmo Marconi believed that these new waves could be used to communicate over great distances and made significant improvements to both radio receiving and transmitting apparatus. In 1895 Marconi demonstrated the first viable radio system, leading to transatlantic radio communication in December 1901.John Ambrose Fleming's development of an early thermionic valve to help detect radio waves was based upon a discovery of Thomas Edison's (called "The Edison effect", which essentially modified an early light bulb). Fleming called it his "oscillation valve" because it acted in the same way as water valve in only allowing flow in one direction. While Fleming's valve was a great stride forward it would take some years before thermionic, or vacuum tube technology was fully adopted.Around this time work on other types of detectors started to be undertaken and it resulted in what was later known as the cat's whisker. It consisted of a crystal of a material such as galena with a small springy piece of wire brought up against it. The detector was constructed so that the wire contact could be moved to different points on the crystal, and thereby obtain the best point for rectifying the signal and the best detection. They were never very reliable as the "whisker" needed to be moved periodically to enable it to detect the signal properly.[4]ValvesAn American named Lee de Forest, a competitor to Marconi, set about to develop receiver technology that did not infringe any patents to which Marconi had access. He took out a number of patents in the period between 1905 and 1907 covering a variety of developments that culminated in the form of the triode valve in which there was a third electrode called a grid. He called this an audion tube. One of the first areas in which valves were used was in the manufacture of telephone repeaters, and although the performance was poor, they gave significant improvement in long distance telephone receiving circuits.With the discovery that triode valves could amplify signals it was soon noticed that they would also oscillate, a fact that was exploited in generating signals. Once the triode was established as an amplifier it made a tremendous difference to radio receiver performance as it allowed the incoming signals to be amplified. One way that proved very successful was introduced in 1913 and involved the use of positive feedback in the form of a regenerative detector. This gave significant improvements in the levels of gain that could be achieved, greatly increasing selectivity, enabling this type of receiver to outperform all other types of the era. ?With the outbreak of the First World War, there was a great impetus to develop radio receiving technology further. An American named Irving Langmuir helped introduce a new generation of totally air-evacuated "hard" valves. H. J. Round undertook some work on this and in 1916 he produced a number valves with the grid connection taken out of the top of the envelope away from the anode connection.[4]Autodyne and superheterodyneBy the 1920s, the tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) represented a major improvement in performance over what had been available before, it still fell short of the needs for some of the new applications. To enable receiver technology to meet the needs placed upon it a number of new ideas started to surface. One of these was a new form of direct conversion receiver. Here an internal or local oscillator was used to beat with the incoming signal to produce an audible signal that could be amplified by an audio amplifier.H. J. Round developed a receiver he called an autodyne in which the same valve was used as a mixer and an oscillator, Whilst the set used fewer valves it was difficult to optimise the circuit for both the mixer and oscillator functions.The next leap forward in receiver technology was a new type of receiver known as the superheterodyne, or supersonic heterodyne receiver. A Frenchman named Lucien Levy was investigating ways in which receiver selectivity could be improved and in doing this he devised a system whereby the signals were converted down to a lower frequency where the filter bandwidths could be made narrower. A further advantage was that the gain of valves was considerably greater at the lower frequencies used after the frequency conversion, and there were fewer problems with the circuits bursting into oscillation.The idea for developing a receiver with a fixed intermediate frequency amplifier and filter is credited to Edwin Armstrong. Working for the American Expeditionary Force in Europe in 1918, Armstrong thought that if the incoming signals were mixed with a variable frequency oscillator, a low frequency fix tuned amplifier could be used. Armstrong's original receiver consisted of a total of eight valves. Several tuned circuits could be cascaded to improve selectivity, and being on a fixed frequency they did not all need to be changed in line with one another. The filters could be preset and left correctly tuned. Armstrong was not the only person working on the idea of a superhet. Alexander Meissner in Germany took out a patent for the idea six months before Armstrong, but as Meissner did not prove the idea in practice and did not build a superhet radio, the idea is credited to Armstrong.The need for the increased performance of the superhet receiver was first felt in America, and by the late 1920s most sets were superhets. However in Europe the number of broadcast stations did not start to rise as rapidly until later. Even so by the mid 1930s virtually all receiving sets in Europe as well were using the superhet principle. In 1926 the tetrode valve was introduced, and enabled further improvements in performance.[4]War and postwar developmentsMilitary HF receiver, type BC-224-D (1942)?In 1939 the outbreak of war gave a new impetus to receiver development. During this time a number of classic communications receivers were designed. Some like the National HRO are still sought by enthusiasts today and although they are relatively large by today's standards, they can still give a good account of themselves under current crowded band conditions. In the late 1940s the transistor was discovered. Initially the devices were not widely used because of their expense, and the fact that valves were being made smaller, and performed better. However by the early 1960s portable transistor broadcast receivers (transistor radios) were hitting the market place. These radios were ideal for broadcast reception on the long and medium wave bands. They were much smaller than their valve equivalents, they were portable and could be powered from batteries. Although some valve portable receivers were available, batteries for these were expensive and did not last for long. The power requirements for transistor radios were very much less, resulting in batteries lasting for much longer and being considerably cheaper.[4]SemiconductorsFurther developments in semiconductor technology led to the introduction of the integrated circuit in the late 1950s.[5] This enabled radio receiver technology to move forward even further. Integrated circuits enabled high performance circuits to be built for less cost, and significant amounts of space could be saved.As a result of these developments new techniques could be introduced. One of these was the frequency synthesizer that was used to generate the local oscillator signal for the receiver. By using a synthesizer it was possible to generate a very accurate and stable local oscillator signal. Also the ability of synthesizers to be controlled by microprocessors meant that many new facilities could be introduced apart from the significant performance improvements offered by synthesizers.[4]Digital technologiesMain article: Digital radioReceiver technology is still moving forward. Digital signal processing where many of the functions performed by an analog intermediate frequency stage can be performed digitally by converting the signal to a digital stream that is manipulated mathematically is now widespread. The new digital audio broadcasting standard being introduced can only be used when the receiver can manipulate the signal digitally.While today's radios are miracles of modern technology, filled with low power high performance integrated circuits crammed into the smallest spaces, the basic principle of the radio is usually the superhet, the same idea which was developed by Edwin Armstrong back in 1918.[4]References^ http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/receivers/index.php Radio-Electronics, Radio Receiver Technology ^ http://radio.electrical-guide.info/types/ The Radio Guide, Types of Portable Radios ^ "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". IEEE. http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1008&article=tionline/legacy/inst2005/may05/5w.fhistory.xml&. Retrieved on 16 July 2006. ^ a b c d e f "History of the Radio Receiver". Radio-Electronics.Com. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/radio_history/radiohist/hstrx.php#top. Retrieved on 2007-11-23. ^ http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml Texas Instruments, The Chip That Jack Built Communications Receivers, Third Edition, Ulrich L. Rohde, Jerry Whitaker, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 2001, ISBN 0-07-136121-9See alsoRadio portalAV receiver Car audio Crystal radio receiver Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB). Direct conversion receiver Internet radio device Neutrodyne Portable media player Radar Radar warning receiver Receiver (information theory) Regenerative radio receiver Satellite receiver Satnav Table radio Telecommunication Television receive-only Transistor radio Tuned radio frequency receiver Tuner (radio) Categories: Consumer electronics Radio electronics Telecommunications equipment Russian inventionsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from November 2007
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Electronic signage
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Electronic signage, (also called electronic signs or electronic displays), are illuminant advertising media in signage industry. Major electronic signage include fluorescent signs, HID (high intensity displays), incandescent signs, LED signs, and neon signs. Besides, LED signs and HID are so-called digital signage.The coloured panels contain fluorescent lamps which gradually change colour between red, blue and green.McDonald's on Wangfujing Dajie, in Beijing, PRC with giant advertising TV billboard.The LED electric light guide plate of the pachinko store.Vintage neon Cocktails sign with Martini glass.Contents1 Status 1.1 Average percentage of various signs usage [1] 2 Regulation 2.1 Results of State Statutory Review[2] 3 See also 4 References 5 External Links // StatusIn signage industry, generally speaking, it includes indoor sign industry and outdoor sign industry. In the current trend, the display skills and technologies are various and upgrading fast. Because of new display technologies, electronic signs are able to present more clear, colorful, and vivid images. In addition, new technologies lead the electronic signage to a low-cost era. Based on those efforts and effects, electronic signs gradually replace traditional static signs and increasingly grab the signage market share.Average percentage of various signs usage [1]Type of Signage200120022003Fluorescent47.3%46.9%46.3%HID (High Intensity Display)1.9%2.4%2.0%Incandescent2.0%1.9%1.8%LED3.9%6.2%7.2%Neon43.0%41.3%41.7%Others1.9%1.2%0.9%RegulationIt is not difficult to have an electronic sign for your business; however, it is not simple to get a permit to install an electronic sign. There are two terms for the advertising industry, off-premise advertising device and on-premise advertising device. Usually, there are different regulatory and zoning set up by different cities for different types of advertising media.Results of State Statutory Review[2]Prohibitions on Signs......with red, flashing, intermittent, or moving lights, unless it is a public service display...that are not sufficiently shielded to prevent beams or rays of light from causing a glare or vision impairment that affects driver vision...that are placed so as to obscure or interfere with traffic control devices...that are so illuminated as to obscure or interfere with traffic control devices...located on interstate or primary highway outside of zoning authority of incorporated cities within 500 ft of an interchange or intersection at grade or safety roadside rest area...other state highway says 300 ft limit...directional signs may not be located within 200 ft of an interstate, or intersection at grade along the interstate system or other freeway, or within 2,000 ft of a rest or scenic area or parkland...timing limitAlabamaYesYesYesYesYesYesAlaskaArizonaYesYesYesYesArkansasYesYesYesYesYesCaliforniaYesYesYesYesYesYes4 sec-message display, 1 sec-message changeColorado NOTE: prohibits signs which have a moveable advertising face permitting any change in sign content or messageYesYesYesYesYesYesYesDelawareYesYesYesYesYesYesFloridaYesYes1,500 ft on interstate; 1,000 ft on federal aid primary highwayGeorgia NOTE: prohibits signs with moving orcertain conditions are metYesYesYesYesYesYesMessage fixed for at least 10 sec, message changed in 3 sec or less, 5,000 ft spacing, default freezing sign if malfunction occursHawaiiIdaho NOTE: adds in blue lightsYesYesYesYes between displays on interstate or primary highway or pulic/scenic area; 1,000 ft from an interchange or rest areaYesExposure time is long enough at maximim speed limit for sign message to be readable and comprehensibleIllinoisYesYesYesYesYesYesIowa NOTE: prohibits animated or moving parts in a signYesYesYesYesYesTri-vision signs 4 sec minimum display, 2 sec for transitionIndiana NOTE: prohibits animated or moving partsYesYesYesYesYesYesKansasYesYesYesYesYesKentucky NOTE: prohibits animation and movement except for movement on and off of the signYesYesYesYesYesTotal message displayed within 10 sec, with each segment having a display time of 2 sec including change timeLouisiana NOTE: statute obtained does not have information on restrictionsSigns must be readily viewed for a time of 5 sec from the roadway at posted speed limitMaineMichiganYesYesYesYesYesYesMassachusetts NOTE: prohibitions appear to be adopted by reference incorporating federal regulationsNot more than 3 rotating or alternate messages may be displayed on a signMinnesotaYesYesYesYesMississippiYesYesYesYesYesYes, 350 ftMissouriYesYesYesYesYesYesMontanaYesYesYesYesNew Hampshire NOTE: statute has no language on any prohibitions or restrictionsNebraskaYesYesYesNevadaYesYesYesYesYesMinimum display time of 6 sec, maximum change interval of 3 secNew Mexico NOTE: prohibits animation or moving partsYesYesYesYesYesYesNew Jersey NOTE: prohibits animation and moving partsYesYesYesYesYesYesMinimum message time of 4 sec, maximum change time of 2 secNew York NOTE: prohibits animation or moving parts except for public service announcementYesYesYesYesYesYesNorth CarolinaYesYesYesYesYesNorth DakotaYesYesYesYesYesOhio NOTE: no statutory information obtainedOklahomaYesYesYesOregonYesYesYesYesPennsylvaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesRhode Island NOTE: prohibits animation and moving partsYesYesYes, 750 ftYes, 250 ftSouth CarolinaYesYesYesYesYesViewing time 5 sec from roadside when traveling at speed limitTennesseeYesYesYesYes, 1,000 ftYes, 500 ftYesTexas NOTE: no statutory literature included in fileVermontVirginiaYesYesYesYesYesWashington NOTE: prohibits animation and moving partsYesYesYesIf sign change exceed 4 sec, turn sign off during changeWashington, DCWest VirginiaYesYesYesYesChange time of 5 sec maximum without written approvalWisconsinYesYesYesYesYesWyomingYesYesYesYesYesYesTotal of 42 states36361529282122Note: 10 states prohibit animation or moving parts except for public service announcementSee alsoAdvertising Billboard Out-of-home advertising References^ Signs of the Times ^ Research Review of Potential Safety Effects of Electronic Billboards on Driver Attention and Distraction - Final Report External LinksDigital Signage Research: 4 Expert Analysts Forecast the Future Electronic Billboards & Electronic Signs International Sign Association Outdoor Advertising Association of America, Inc Categories: Signage
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Highway Signs Signs Pet Signs led display signs Outdoor LED Signs IMO signs Electric Signs illuminated signs emergency exit signs CTP System exterior signs inspirational signs Beer Neon Signs backlit signs Warning Signs
Electronic signage, (also called electronic signs or electronic displays), are illuminant advertising media in signage industry. Major electronic signage include fluorescent signs, HID (high intensity displays), incandescent signs, LED signs, and neon signs. Besides, LED signs and HID are so-called digital signage.The coloured panels contain fluorescent lamps which gradually change colour between red, blue and green.McDonald's on Wangfujing Dajie, in Beijing, PRC with giant advertising TV billboard.The LED electric light guide plate of the pachinko store.Vintage neon Cocktails sign with Martini glass.Contents1 Status 1.1 Average percentage of various signs usage [1] 2 Regulation 2.1 Results of State Statutory Review[2] 3 See also 4 References 5 External Links // StatusIn signage industry, generally speaking, it includes indoor sign industry and outdoor sign industry. In the current trend, the display skills and technologies are various and upgrading fast. Because of new display technologies, electronic signs are able to present more clear, colorful, and vivid images. In addition, new technologies lead the electronic signage to a low-cost era. Based on those efforts and effects, electronic signs gradually replace traditional static signs and increasingly grab the signage market share.Average percentage of various signs usage [1]Type of Signage200120022003Fluorescent47.3%46.9%46.3%HID (High Intensity Display)1.9%2.4%2.0%Incandescent2.0%1.9%1.8%LED3.9%6.2%7.2%Neon43.0%41.3%41.7%Others1.9%1.2%0.9%RegulationIt is not difficult to have an electronic sign for your business; however, it is not simple to get a permit to install an electronic sign. There are two terms for the advertising industry, off-premise advertising device and on-premise advertising device. Usually, there are different regulatory and zoning set up by different cities for different types of advertising media.Results of State Statutory Review[2]Prohibitions on Signs......with red, flashing, intermittent, or moving lights, unless it is a public service display...that are not sufficiently shielded to prevent beams or rays of light from causing a glare or vision impairment that affects driver vision...that are placed so as to obscure or interfere with traffic control devices...that are so illuminated as to obscure or interfere with traffic control devices...located on interstate or primary highway outside of zoning authority of incorporated cities within 500 ft of an interchange or intersection at grade or safety roadside rest area...other state highway says 300 ft limit...directional signs may not be located within 200 ft of an interstate, or intersection at grade along the interstate system or other freeway, or within 2,000 ft of a rest or scenic area or parkland...timing limitAlabamaYesYesYesYesYesYesAlaskaArizonaYesYesYesYesArkansasYesYesYesYesYesCaliforniaYesYesYesYesYesYes4 sec-message display, 1 sec-message changeColorado NOTE: prohibits signs which have a moveable advertising face permitting any change in sign content or messageYesYesYesYesYesYesYesDelawareYesYesYesYesYesYesFloridaYesYes1,500 ft on interstate; 1,000 ft on federal aid primary highwayGeorgia NOTE: prohibits signs with moving orcertain conditions are metYesYesYesYesYesYesMessage fixed for at least 10 sec, message changed in 3 sec or less, 5,000 ft spacing, default freezing sign if malfunction occursHawaiiIdaho NOTE: adds in blue lightsYesYesYesYes between displays on interstate or primary highway or pulic/scenic area; 1,000 ft from an interchange or rest areaYesExposure time is long enough at maximim speed limit for sign message to be readable and comprehensibleIllinoisYesYesYesYesYesYesIowa NOTE: prohibits animated or moving parts in a signYesYesYesYesYesTri-vision signs 4 sec minimum display, 2 sec for transitionIndiana NOTE: prohibits animated or moving partsYesYesYesYesYesYesKansasYesYesYesYesYesKentucky NOTE: prohibits animation and movement except for movement on and off of the signYesYesYesYesYesTotal message displayed within 10 sec, with each segment having a display time of 2 sec including change timeLouisiana NOTE: statute obtained does not have information on restrictionsSigns must be readily viewed for a time of 5 sec from the roadway at posted speed limitMaineMichiganYesYesYesYesYesYesMassachusetts NOTE: prohibitions appear to be adopted by reference incorporating federal regulationsNot more than 3 rotating or alternate messages may be displayed on a signMinnesotaYesYesYesYesMississippiYesYesYesYesYesYes, 350 ftMissouriYesYesYesYesYesYesMontanaYesYesYesYesNew Hampshire NOTE: statute has no language on any prohibitions or restrictionsNebraskaYesYesYesNevadaYesYesYesYesYesMinimum display time of 6 sec, maximum change interval of 3 secNew Mexico NOTE: prohibits animation or moving partsYesYesYesYesYesYesNew Jersey NOTE: prohibits animation and moving partsYesYesYesYesYesYesMinimum message time of 4 sec, maximum change time of 2 secNew York NOTE: prohibits animation or moving parts except for public service announcementYesYesYesYesYesYesNorth CarolinaYesYesYesYesYesNorth DakotaYesYesYesYesYesOhio NOTE: no statutory information obtainedOklahomaYesYesYesOregonYesYesYesYesPennsylvaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesRhode Island NOTE: prohibits animation and moving partsYesYesYes, 750 ftYes, 250 ftSouth CarolinaYesYesYesYesYesViewing time 5 sec from roadside when traveling at speed limitTennesseeYesYesYesYes, 1,000 ftYes, 500 ftYesTexas NOTE: no statutory literature included in fileVermontVirginiaYesYesYesYesYesWashington NOTE: prohibits animation and moving partsYesYesYesIf sign change exceed 4 sec, turn sign off during changeWashington, DCWest VirginiaYesYesYesYesChange time of 5 sec maximum without written approvalWisconsinYesYesYesYesYesWyomingYesYesYesYesYesYesTotal of 42 states36361529282122Note: 10 states prohibit animation or moving parts except for public service announcementSee alsoAdvertising Billboard Out-of-home advertising References^ Signs of the Times ^ Research Review of Potential Safety Effects of Electronic Billboards on Driver Attention and Distraction - Final Report External LinksDigital Signage Research: 4 Expert Analysts Forecast the Future Electronic Billboards & Electronic Signs International Sign Association Outdoor Advertising Association of America, Inc Categories: Signage
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Electronic signage
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The Digital Sound System 80, short DSS80, was a three-piece PC audio system co-developed by Microsoft and Philips. It debuted on the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) and is most likely the only speaker system ever released by the Microsoft Corporation. It also remains one of the very few featuring Philips' wOOx subwoofer technology.The DSS80 speaker systemThe DSS80 featured technological innovations in comparison with contemporary systems. For instance, it didn't require a sound card installed but actually featured its own integrated sound hardware which could be connected via USB and allowed digital quality playback, synchronized hardware and software volume controls, the use of a 10-band graphic equalizer and Microsoft Surround Sound.To support computers without USB, and to enable users to take advantage of present high-end sound hardware, it additionally featured 3.5mm analog line-in.It was possible to connect the system both ways to ensure highest compatibility with both analog and digital audio content.Contents1 Technical Specifications 2 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info 3 Trivia 4 External links // Technical SpecificationsSystem type: Biamplified, stereophonic speakers and monaural subwoofer Amplification: High efficiency, class-D switch-mode power amplifier Rated power output (per IEC 268.3): Subwoofer: 44 W Left/Right Speakers: 32 W, 16 W per speaker Frequency response: 40 Hz to 20,000 Hz Transducers: Subwoofer: 5.25" Dual voice coil active woofer, 6" wOOx passive radiator Left/Right Speakers: 3" full range, magnetically shielded Power supply (subwoofer only): AC 110-220 V, 50-60 Hz, 310mA @ 220V Electronic crossover frequency (subwoofer to a speaker): 160 Hz Electronic crossover filter slopes: Subwoofer: -18 dB/octave at 160 Hz Left/Right Speakers: +12 dB/octave at 160 Hz Digital input sensitivity: Full Scale minus 12 dB Analog input sensitivity: 0.180V rms for rated output power Analog input impedance: > 10 k? Control Speaker Cable Wiring InfoThe plug on the Microsoft DSS80 control satellite speaker is a 4-pin mini-DIN "s-video" plug. It is not the same as the PS2 (mouse) plug. The plastic guide pin on the DSS80 plug is located on the opposite side (and oriented differently) from that on the PS2 plug. Also, the PS2 plug has six pins while the DSS80 has only four.The pins on the DSS80 plug are connected to the following wires: with the index mark (labeled "B") at 12 o'clock, the pin at 2 o'clock connects to the black wire (speaker ground); the pin at 4 o'clock connects to the red wire (speaker hot); the pin at 8 o'clock connects to the yellow wire; the pin at 10 o'clock connects to the blue wire; and the ground sheath connects to the white wire. If you bypass the plug and wire the cable directly to the subwoofer, remember to mirror these connections.The subwoofer and satellite speaker are both held together with Torx #10 screws.TriviaThe DSS80 was afflicted with a glitch concerning the main volume control. At times, when the one of the buttons was held down, the volume would quickly increase to the maximum, or decrease to the minimum setting. The only way to stop this process was to hit the mute button. External linksMicrosoft Press Release: Make PCs Sound More Like High-End Home Audio Systems MS DSS80 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info v?d?eMicrosoftDesktop softwareWindows (components)?Internet Explorer?Office?Visual Studio?Expression?Dynamics?Money?Encarta?Student?Math?Works?MapPoint?Virtual PC?Forefront?Home?Flight SimulatorServer softwareWindows Server?SQL Server?IIS?PWS?Exchange?BizTalk?Commerce?ISA Server?System Center?Home Server?SharePoint (WSS, MOSS, Search Server) ?OCS?Terminal Services ?Microsoft Host Integration ServerTechnologiesActive Directory?DirectX?.NET?Windows Media?PlaysForSure?App-V?Hyper-V ?Silverlight?Windows Mobile?Windows Embedded?Mediaroom?HDiWeb propertiesWindows Live?Office Live (Workspace)?SQL Server Data Services?MSNBC?msnbc.com?ninemsn?MSN?Hotmail?Live Messenger?Spaces?Groups?Live ID?Ignition?MSDN?Technet?Channel 9?CodePlex?HealthVault?Microsoft adCenter?Microsoft StoreGamingMicrosoft Game Studios?Zone?XNA?Xbox?Xbox 360?Xbox Live (Arcade?Marketplace?Productions)?Games for Windows (LIVE)?Live AnywhereHardwareSurface?Zune (4 / 8 / 16?30?80 / 120)?MSN TV?Natural Keyboard?Keyboard?Mouse?LifeCam?LifeChat?SideWinder?Ultra-Mobile PC?Fingerprint?Audio System?Cordless Phone?Pocket PC?RoundTable?Response PointEducation andrecognitionMCPs?MSDNAA?MSCA?Microsoft Press?Microsoft MVP?Student Partners?Research?Studies related to MicrosoftLicensingClient Access License?Shared Source?Licensing ServicesCriticismWindows Vista?Windows XP?Windows 2000 (section)?Windows Me (section)?Windows 9x (section)?Office (section)?Xbox 360?RefundLitigationAlcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft?European Union Microsoft competition case?United States v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. Lindows?Apple v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoftBoard of directorsSteve Ballmer?James Cash, Jr.?Dina Dublon?Bill Gates?Raymond Gilmartin?Reed Hastings?David Marquardt?Charles Noski?Helmut Panke?Jon ShirleyAcquisitionsAltamira Software?aQuantive?Blue Ribbon Soundworks?Bungie?Calista Technologies?Colloquis?Connectix?Consumers Software?Danger?Farecast?FASA Interactive?Fast Search & Transfer?Firefly?Forethought?GIANT Company Software?Groove Networks?Hotmail?Jellyfish.com?Korea Telecom?LinkExchange?Lionhead Studios?Massive Incorporated?Onfolio?PlaceWare?Powerset?ProClarity?Rare?ScreenTonic?Teleo?Tellme Networks?Vermeer Technologies?Visio Corporation?VXtreme?WebTV Networks?Winternals?YupiRelatedMergers and acquisitions?Owned assetsCategories: Computer hardware Speakers Microsoft hardware Discontinued Microsoft products
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The Digital Sound System 80, short DSS80, was a three-piece PC audio system co-developed by Microsoft and Philips. It debuted on the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) and is most likely the only speaker system ever released by the Microsoft Corporation. It also remains one of the very few featuring Philips' wOOx subwoofer technology.The DSS80 speaker systemThe DSS80 featured technological innovations in comparison with contemporary systems. For instance, it didn't require a sound card installed but actually featured its own integrated sound hardware which could be connected via USB and allowed digital quality playback, synchronized hardware and software volume controls, the use of a 10-band graphic equalizer and Microsoft Surround Sound.To support computers without USB, and to enable users to take advantage of present high-end sound hardware, it additionally featured 3.5mm analog line-in.It was possible to connect the system both ways to ensure highest compatibility with both analog and digital audio content.Contents1 Technical Specifications 2 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info 3 Trivia 4 External links // Technical SpecificationsSystem type: Biamplified, stereophonic speakers and monaural subwoofer Amplification: High efficiency, class-D switch-mode power amplifier Rated power output (per IEC 268.3): Subwoofer: 44 W Left/Right Speakers: 32 W, 16 W per speaker Frequency response: 40 Hz to 20,000 Hz Transducers: Subwoofer: 5.25" Dual voice coil active woofer, 6" wOOx passive radiator Left/Right Speakers: 3" full range, magnetically shielded Power supply (subwoofer only): AC 110-220 V, 50-60 Hz, 310mA @ 220V Electronic crossover frequency (subwoofer to a speaker): 160 Hz Electronic crossover filter slopes: Subwoofer: -18 dB/octave at 160 Hz Left/Right Speakers: +12 dB/octave at 160 Hz Digital input sensitivity: Full Scale minus 12 dB Analog input sensitivity: 0.180V rms for rated output power Analog input impedance: > 10 k? Control Speaker Cable Wiring InfoThe plug on the Microsoft DSS80 control satellite speaker is a 4-pin mini-DIN "s-video" plug. It is not the same as the PS2 (mouse) plug. The plastic guide pin on the DSS80 plug is located on the opposite side (and oriented differently) from that on the PS2 plug. Also, the PS2 plug has six pins while the DSS80 has only four.The pins on the DSS80 plug are connected to the following wires: with the index mark (labeled "B") at 12 o'clock, the pin at 2 o'clock connects to the black wire (speaker ground); the pin at 4 o'clock connects to the red wire (speaker hot); the pin at 8 o'clock connects to the yellow wire; the pin at 10 o'clock connects to the blue wire; and the ground sheath connects to the white wire. If you bypass the plug and wire the cable directly to the subwoofer, remember to mirror these connections.The subwoofer and satellite speaker are both held together with Torx #10 screws.TriviaThe DSS80 was afflicted with a glitch concerning the main volume control. At times, when the one of the buttons was held down, the volume would quickly increase to the maximum, or decrease to the minimum setting. The only way to stop this process was to hit the mute button. External linksMicrosoft Press Release: Make PCs Sound More Like High-End Home Audio Systems MS DSS80 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info v?d?eMicrosoftDesktop softwareWindows (components)?Internet Explorer?Office?Visual Studio?Expression?Dynamics?Money?Encarta?Student?Math?Works?MapPoint?Virtual PC?Forefront?Home?Flight SimulatorServer softwareWindows Server?SQL Server?IIS?PWS?Exchange?BizTalk?Commerce?ISA Server?System Center?Home Server?SharePoint (WSS, MOSS, Search Server) ?OCS?Terminal Services ?Microsoft Host Integration ServerTechnologiesActive Directory?DirectX?.NET?Windows Media?PlaysForSure?App-V?Hyper-V ?Silverlight?Windows Mobile?Windows Embedded?Mediaroom?HDiWeb propertiesWindows Live?Office Live (Workspace)?SQL Server Data Services?MSNBC?msnbc.com?ninemsn?MSN?Hotmail?Live Messenger?Spaces?Groups?Live ID?Ignition?MSDN?Technet?Channel 9?CodePlex?HealthVault?Microsoft adCenter?Microsoft StoreGamingMicrosoft Game Studios?Zone?XNA?Xbox?Xbox 360?Xbox Live (Arcade?Marketplace?Productions)?Games for Windows (LIVE)?Live AnywhereHardwareSurface?Zune (4 / 8 / 16?30?80 / 120)?MSN TV?Natural Keyboard?Keyboard?Mouse?LifeCam?LifeChat?SideWinder?Ultra-Mobile PC?Fingerprint?Audio System?Cordless Phone?Pocket PC?RoundTable?Response PointEducation andrecognitionMCPs?MSDNAA?MSCA?Microsoft Press?Microsoft MVP?Student Partners?Research?Studies related to MicrosoftLicensingClient Access License?Shared Source?Licensing ServicesCriticismWindows Vista?Windows XP?Windows 2000 (section)?Windows Me (section)?Windows 9x (section)?Office (section)?Xbox 360?RefundLitigationAlcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft?European Union Microsoft competition case?United States v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. Lindows?Apple v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoftBoard of directorsSteve Ballmer?James Cash, Jr.?Dina Dublon?Bill Gates?Raymond Gilmartin?Reed Hastings?David Marquardt?Charles Noski?Helmut Panke?Jon ShirleyAcquisitionsAltamira Software?aQuantive?Blue Ribbon Soundworks?Bungie?Calista Technologies?Colloquis?Connectix?Consumers Software?Danger?Farecast?FASA Interactive?Fast Search & Transfer?Firefly?Forethought?GIANT Company Software?Groove Networks?Hotmail?Jellyfish.com?Korea Telecom?LinkExchange?Lionhead Studios?Massive Incorporated?Onfolio?PlaceWare?Powerset?ProClarity?Rare?ScreenTonic?Teleo?Tellme Networks?Vermeer Technologies?Visio Corporation?VXtreme?WebTV Networks?Winternals?YupiRelatedMergers and acquisitions?Owned assetsCategories: Computer hardware Speakers Microsoft hardware Discontinued Microsoft products
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Digital Sound System 80
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The Digital Sound System 80, short DSS80, was a three-piece PC audio system co-developed by Microsoft and Philips. It debuted on the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) and is most likely the only speaker system ever released by the Microsoft Corporation. It also remains one of the very few featuring Philips' wOOx subwoofer technology.The DSS80 speaker systemThe DSS80 featured technological innovations in comparison with contemporary systems. For instance, it didn't require a sound card installed but actually featured its own integrated sound hardware which could be connected via USB and allowed digital quality playback, synchronized hardware and software volume controls, the use of a 10-band graphic equalizer and Microsoft Surround Sound.To support computers without USB, and to enable users to take advantage of present high-end sound hardware, it additionally featured 3.5mm analog line-in.It was possible to connect the system both ways to ensure highest compatibility with both analog and digital audio content.Contents1 Technical Specifications 2 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info 3 Trivia 4 External links // Technical SpecificationsSystem type: Biamplified, stereophonic speakers and monaural subwoofer Amplification: High efficiency, class-D switch-mode power amplifier Rated power output (per IEC 268.3): Subwoofer: 44 W Left/Right Speakers: 32 W, 16 W per speaker Frequency response: 40 Hz to 20,000 Hz Transducers: Subwoofer: 5.25" Dual voice coil active woofer, 6" wOOx passive radiator Left/Right Speakers: 3" full range, magnetically shielded Power supply (subwoofer only): AC 110-220 V, 50-60 Hz, 310mA @ 220V Electronic crossover frequency (subwoofer to a speaker): 160 Hz Electronic crossover filter slopes: Subwoofer: -18 dB/octave at 160 Hz Left/Right Speakers: +12 dB/octave at 160 Hz Digital input sensitivity: Full Scale minus 12 dB Analog input sensitivity: 0.180V rms for rated output power Analog input impedance: > 10 k? Control Speaker Cable Wiring InfoThe plug on the Microsoft DSS80 control satellite speaker is a 4-pin mini-DIN "s-video" plug. It is not the same as the PS2 (mouse) plug. The plastic guide pin on the DSS80 plug is located on the opposite side (and oriented differently) from that on the PS2 plug. Also, the PS2 plug has six pins while the DSS80 has only four.The pins on the DSS80 plug are connected to the following wires: with the index mark (labeled "B") at 12 o'clock, the pin at 2 o'clock connects to the black wire (speaker ground); the pin at 4 o'clock connects to the red wire (speaker hot); the pin at 8 o'clock connects to the yellow wire; the pin at 10 o'clock connects to the blue wire; and the ground sheath connects to the white wire. If you bypass the plug and wire the cable directly to the subwoofer, remember to mirror these connections.The subwoofer and satellite speaker are both held together with Torx #10 screws.TriviaThe DSS80 was afflicted with a glitch concerning the main volume control. At times, when the one of the buttons was held down, the volume would quickly increase to the maximum, or decrease to the minimum setting. The only way to stop this process was to hit the mute button. External linksMicrosoft Press Release: Make PCs Sound More Like High-End Home Audio Systems MS DSS80 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info v?d?eMicrosoftDesktop softwareWindows (components)?Internet Explorer?Office?Visual Studio?Expression?Dynamics?Money?Encarta?Student?Math?Works?MapPoint?Virtual PC?Forefront?Home?Flight SimulatorServer softwareWindows Server?SQL Server?IIS?PWS?Exchange?BizTalk?Commerce?ISA Server?System Center?Home Server?SharePoint (WSS, MOSS, Search Server) ?OCS?Terminal Services ?Microsoft Host Integration ServerTechnologiesActive Directory?DirectX?.NET?Windows Media?PlaysForSure?App-V?Hyper-V ?Silverlight?Windows Mobile?Windows Embedded?Mediaroom?HDiWeb propertiesWindows Live?Office Live (Workspace)?SQL Server Data Services?MSNBC?msnbc.com?ninemsn?MSN?Hotmail?Live Messenger?Spaces?Groups?Live ID?Ignition?MSDN?Technet?Channel 9?CodePlex?HealthVault?Microsoft adCenter?Microsoft StoreGamingMicrosoft Game Studios?Zone?XNA?Xbox?Xbox 360?Xbox Live (Arcade?Marketplace?Productions)?Games for Windows (LIVE)?Live AnywhereHardwareSurface?Zune (4 / 8 / 16?30?80 / 120)?MSN TV?Natural Keyboard?Keyboard?Mouse?LifeCam?LifeChat?SideWinder?Ultra-Mobile PC?Fingerprint?Audio System?Cordless Phone?Pocket PC?RoundTable?Response PointEducation andrecognitionMCPs?MSDNAA?MSCA?Microsoft Press?Microsoft MVP?Student Partners?Research?Studies related to MicrosoftLicensingClient Access License?Shared Source?Licensing ServicesCriticismWindows Vista?Windows XP?Windows 2000 (section)?Windows Me (section)?Windows 9x (section)?Office (section)?Xbox 360?RefundLitigationAlcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft?European Union Microsoft competition case?United States v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. Lindows?Apple v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoftBoard of directorsSteve Ballmer?James Cash, Jr.?Dina Dublon?Bill Gates?Raymond Gilmartin?Reed Hastings?David Marquardt?Charles Noski?Helmut Panke?Jon ShirleyAcquisitionsAltamira Software?aQuantive?Blue Ribbon Soundworks?Bungie?Calista Technologies?Colloquis?Connectix?Consumers Software?Danger?Farecast?FASA Interactive?Fast Search & Transfer?Firefly?Forethought?GIANT Company Software?Groove Networks?Hotmail?Jellyfish.com?Korea Telecom?LinkExchange?Lionhead Studios?Massive Incorporated?Onfolio?PlaceWare?Powerset?ProClarity?Rare?ScreenTonic?Teleo?Tellme Networks?Vermeer Technologies?Visio Corporation?VXtreme?WebTV Networks?Winternals?YupiRelatedMergers and acquisitions?Owned assetsCategories: Computer hardware Speakers Microsoft hardware Discontinued Microsoft products
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The Digital Sound System 80, short DSS80, was a three-piece PC audio system co-developed by Microsoft and Philips. It debuted on the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) and is most likely the only speaker system ever released by the Microsoft Corporation. It also remains one of the very few featuring Philips' wOOx subwoofer technology.The DSS80 speaker systemThe DSS80 featured technological innovations in comparison with contemporary systems. For instance, it didn't require a sound card installed but actually featured its own integrated sound hardware which could be connected via USB and allowed digital quality playback, synchronized hardware and software volume controls, the use of a 10-band graphic equalizer and Microsoft Surround Sound.To support computers without USB, and to enable users to take advantage of present high-end sound hardware, it additionally featured 3.5mm analog line-in.It was possible to connect the system both ways to ensure highest compatibility with both analog and digital audio content.Contents1 Technical Specifications 2 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info 3 Trivia 4 External links // Technical SpecificationsSystem type: Biamplified, stereophonic speakers and monaural subwoofer Amplification: High efficiency, class-D switch-mode power amplifier Rated power output (per IEC 268.3): Subwoofer: 44 W Left/Right Speakers: 32 W, 16 W per speaker Frequency response: 40 Hz to 20,000 Hz Transducers: Subwoofer: 5.25" Dual voice coil active woofer, 6" wOOx passive radiator Left/Right Speakers: 3" full range, magnetically shielded Power supply (subwoofer only): AC 110-220 V, 50-60 Hz, 310mA @ 220V Electronic crossover frequency (subwoofer to a speaker): 160 Hz Electronic crossover filter slopes: Subwoofer: -18 dB/octave at 160 Hz Left/Right Speakers: +12 dB/octave at 160 Hz Digital input sensitivity: Full Scale minus 12 dB Analog input sensitivity: 0.180V rms for rated output power Analog input impedance: > 10 k? Control Speaker Cable Wiring InfoThe plug on the Microsoft DSS80 control satellite speaker is a 4-pin mini-DIN "s-video" plug. It is not the same as the PS2 (mouse) plug. The plastic guide pin on the DSS80 plug is located on the opposite side (and oriented differently) from that on the PS2 plug. Also, the PS2 plug has six pins while the DSS80 has only four.The pins on the DSS80 plug are connected to the following wires: with the index mark (labeled "B") at 12 o'clock, the pin at 2 o'clock connects to the black wire (speaker ground); the pin at 4 o'clock connects to the red wire (speaker hot); the pin at 8 o'clock connects to the yellow wire; the pin at 10 o'clock connects to the blue wire; and the ground sheath connects to the white wire. If you bypass the plug and wire the cable directly to the subwoofer, remember to mirror these connections.The subwoofer and satellite speaker are both held together with Torx #10 screws.TriviaThe DSS80 was afflicted with a glitch concerning the main volume control. At times, when the one of the buttons was held down, the volume would quickly increase to the maximum, or decrease to the minimum setting. The only way to stop this process was to hit the mute button. External linksMicrosoft Press Release: Make PCs Sound More Like High-End Home Audio Systems MS DSS80 Control Speaker Cable Wiring Info v?d?eMicrosoftDesktop softwareWindows (components)?Internet Explorer?Office?Visual Studio?Expression?Dynamics?Money?Encarta?Student?Math?Works?MapPoint?Virtual PC?Forefront?Home?Flight SimulatorServer softwareWindows Server?SQL Server?IIS?PWS?Exchange?BizTalk?Commerce?ISA Server?System Center?Home Server?SharePoint (WSS, MOSS, Search Server) ?OCS?Terminal Services ?Microsoft Host Integration ServerTechnologiesActive Directory?DirectX?.NET?Windows Media?PlaysForSure?App-V?Hyper-V ?Silverlight?Windows Mobile?Windows Embedded?Mediaroom?HDiWeb propertiesWindows Live?Office Live (Workspace)?SQL Server Data Services?MSNBC?msnbc.com?ninemsn?MSN?Hotmail?Live Messenger?Spaces?Groups?Live ID?Ignition?MSDN?Technet?Channel 9?CodePlex?HealthVault?Microsoft adCenter?Microsoft StoreGamingMicrosoft Game Studios?Zone?XNA?Xbox?Xbox 360?Xbox Live (Arcade?Marketplace?Productions)?Games for Windows (LIVE)?Live AnywhereHardwareSurface?Zune (4 / 8 / 16?30?80 / 120)?MSN TV?Natural Keyboard?Keyboard?Mouse?LifeCam?LifeChat?SideWinder?Ultra-Mobile PC?Fingerprint?Audio System?Cordless Phone?Pocket PC?RoundTable?Response PointEducation andrecognitionMCPs?MSDNAA?MSCA?Microsoft Press?Microsoft MVP?Student Partners?Research?Studies related to MicrosoftLicensingClient Access License?Shared Source?Licensing ServicesCriticismWindows Vista?Windows XP?Windows 2000 (section)?Windows Me (section)?Windows 9x (section)?Office (section)?Xbox 360?RefundLitigationAlcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft?European Union Microsoft competition case?United States v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. Lindows?Apple v. Microsoft?Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoftBoard of directorsSteve Ballmer?James Cash, Jr.?Dina Dublon?Bill Gates?Raymond Gilmartin?Reed Hastings?David Marquardt?Charles Noski?Helmut Panke?Jon ShirleyAcquisitionsAltamira Software?aQuantive?Blue Ribbon Soundworks?Bungie?Calista Technologies?Colloquis?Connectix?Consumers Software?Danger?Farecast?FASA Interactive?Fast Search & Transfer?Firefly?Forethought?GIANT Company Software?Groove Networks?Hotmail?Jellyfish.com?Korea Telecom?LinkExchange?Lionhead Studios?Massive Incorporated?Onfolio?PlaceWare?Powerset?ProClarity?Rare?ScreenTonic?Teleo?Tellme Networks?Vermeer Technologies?Visio Corporation?VXtreme?WebTV Networks?Winternals?YupiRelatedMergers and acquisitions?Owned assetsCategories: Computer hardware Speakers Microsoft hardware Discontinued Microsoft products
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Moen (company)
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Moen is a manufacturer of faucets and other fixtures founded by inventor Al Moen. The company is headquartered in North Olmsted, Ohio.Moen was originally part of Ravenna Metal Products of Seattle, Washington. In 1956, it became part of Stanadyne, Inc., which was in turn acquired by Forstmann-Little & Company in 1988. Today, Moen is part of consumer-products holding company Fortune Brands.Faucet designMost Moen kitchen, lavatory, and bathtub/shower faucets are of the single-handle design, and almost all have used the same basic water-controlling cartridge since the 1960s. Known as the Moen 1225, it is a plastic (older versions were brass) cylinder approximately 4 inches long by 3/4 inches in diameter. As the "engine" in most Moen single-handle faucets, it has undergone at least two revisions since its inception though newer versions remain compatible with older faucets. Pulling up the stem of the cartridge opens the water supply; rotating toward the left opens the hot water passages while rotating to the right opens the cold water passages (using the standard North American convention of the hot water control on the left).Later Moen bathtub/shower controls with single handles use a larger cartridge with a pressure balancing mechanism which compensates for sudden pressure changes in either the hot or cold water supply (as caused by a toilet being flushed while someone is showering). The design goal is to maintain the temperature of the shower for safety and comfort reasons, even if the volume of water is reduced. The cartridge is known as the 1222. The operation is similar to the 1225 (above) though the cartridge is approximately 1 inch in diameter to allow space for the pressure balancing mechanism.External linksMoen Website Show House by Moen Categories: Companies based in Cleveland, Ohio Fortune Brands brands Plumbing Manufacturing companies of the United States
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Moen is a manufacturer of faucets and other fixtures founded by inventor Al Moen. The company is headquartered in North Olmsted, Ohio.Moen was originally part of Ravenna Metal Products of Seattle, Washington. In 1956, it became part of Stanadyne, Inc., which was in turn acquired by Forstmann-Little & Company in 1988. Today, Moen is part of consumer-products holding company Fortune Brands.Faucet designMost Moen kitchen, lavatory, and bathtub/shower faucets are of the single-handle design, and almost all have used the same basic water-controlling cartridge since the 1960s. Known as the Moen 1225, it is a plastic (older versions were brass) cylinder approximately 4 inches long by 3/4 inches in diameter. As the "engine" in most Moen single-handle faucets, it has undergone at least two revisions since its inception though newer versions remain compatible with older faucets. Pulling up the stem of the cartridge opens the water supply; rotating toward the left opens the hot water passages while rotating to the right opens the cold water passages (using the standard North American convention of the hot water control on the left).Later Moen bathtub/shower controls with single handles use a larger cartridge with a pressure balancing mechanism which compensates for sudden pressure changes in either the hot or cold water supply (as caused by a toilet being flushed while someone is showering). The design goal is to maintain the temperature of the shower for safety and comfort reasons, even if the volume of water is reduced. The cartridge is known as the 1222. The operation is similar to the 1225 (above) though the cartridge is approximately 1 inch in diameter to allow space for the pressure balancing mechanism.External linksMoen Website Show House by Moen Categories: Companies based in Cleveland, Ohio Fortune Brands brands Plumbing Manufacturing companies of the United States
These info's feature products include:
contemporary kitchen exhaust hood kitchen brita on tap bergman bronze cap spout cheap kitchen ipod mixer install kitchen faucet kidkraft kitchen hamilton beach mixer grout mixer yamaha mixers kenwood mixer kitchen plumbing dora the explorer talking kitchen
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