locks: Security (finance)

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For the legal right given to a creditor by a borrower, see security interest.
Securities
SecuritiesBondEquitiesInvestment FundDerivativesStructured financeAgency Securities
MarketsBond marketStock marketFutures marketForeign exchange marketCommodity marketSpot marketOver-the-counter Market (OTC)
BondsBonds by couponFixed rate bondFloating rate noteZero-coupon bondInflation-indexed bondCommercial paperPerpetual bond
Bonds by issuerCorporate bondGovernment bondMunicipal bondPfandbriefSovereign bonds
Equities (Stocks)StockShareIPOShort Selling
Investment FundsMutual fundIndex FundExchange-traded fund (ETF)Closed-end fundSegregated fundHedge fund
Structured financeSecuritizationAsset-backed securityMortgage-backed securityCommercial mortgage-backed securityResidential mortgage-backed security
TranchingCollateralized debt obligationCollateralized fund obligationCollateralized mortgage obligation
Credit-linked noteUnsecured bondAgency Securities
DerivativesOptionsWarrantsFuturesForwardsSwapsCredit DerivativesHybrid Securities
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A security is a fungible, negotiable instrument representing financial value. Securities are broadly categorized into debt securities (such as banknotes, bonds and debentures), and equity securities; e.g., common stocks. The company or other entity issuing the security is called the issuer. What specifically qualifies as a security is dependent on the regulatory structure in a country. For example, private investment pools may have some features of securities, but they may not be registered or regulated as such if they meet various restrictions.
Securities may be represented by a certificate or, more typically, by an electronic book entry. Certificates may be bearer, meaning they entitle the holder to rights under the security merely by holding the security, or registered, meaning they entitle the holder to rights only if he or she appears on a security register maintained by the issuer or an intermediary. They include shares of corporate stock or mutual funds, bonds issued by corporations or governmental agencies, stock options or other options, limited partnership units, and various other formal investment instruments that are negotiable and fungible.
Contents
1 Classification
1.1 By type of issuer
1.1.1 New capital
1.1.2 Repackaging
1.2 By type of holder
1.2.1 Investment
1.2.2 Collateral
2 Debt and equity
2.1 Debt
2.2 Equity
2.3 Hybrid
3 The securities market
3.1 Primary and secondary market
3.2 Public offer and private placement
3.3 Listing and OTC dealing
3.4 Market
4 Physical nature of securities
4.1 Certificated securities
4.1.1 Bearer securities
4.1.2 Registered securities
4.2 Uncertificated securities and global certificates
4.2.1 Uncertificated securities
4.2.2 Global certificates and book entry interests
4.2.3 Other depositories: Euroclear and Clearstream
4.3 Divided and undivided security
4.4 Fungible and non-fungible security
5 Regulation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
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Classification
Securities may be classified according to the following categories:
Issuer
Currency of denomination
Ownership rights
Term to maturity
Degree of liquidity
Income payments
Tax treatment
Credit Rating
Industrial Sector
Region or Country
Market Capitalization
By type of issuer
Issuers of securities include commercial companies, government agencies, local authorities and international and supranational organizations (such as the World Bank). Debt securities issued by a government (called government bonds or sovereign bonds) generally carry a lower interest rate than corporate debt issued by commercial companies. Interests in an assetor example, the flow of royalty payments from intellectual propertyay also be turned into securities. These repackaged securities resulting from a securitization are usually issued by a company established for the purpose of the repackagingalled a special purpose vehicle (SPV). See "Repackaging" below. SPVs are also used to issue other kinds of securities. SPVs can also be used to guarantee securities, such as covered bonds.
New capital
Commercial enterprises have traditionally used securities as a means of raising new capital. Securities may be an attractive option relative to bank loans depending on their pricing and market demand for particular characteristics. Another disadvantage of bank loans as a source of financing is that the bank may seek a measure of protection against default by the borrower via extensive financial covenants. Through securities, capital is provided by investors who purchase the securities upon...(and so on)