Marine outfall

I want to introduct something about . A marine outfall is a pipeline or tunnel that discharges municipal or industrial wastewater, stormwater, combined sewer overflows, cooling water, or brine effluents from desalination plants to the sea. Usually they discharge under the sea's surface (submarine outfall). In the case of municipal wastewater, effluent is often being discharged after having undergone no or only primary treatment, with the intention of using the assimilative capacity of the sea for further treatment. Submarine outfalls are common throughout the world and probably number in the thousands. More than 200 outfalls alone have been listed in a single international database maintained by the Institute for Hydromechanics at Karlsruhe University for the International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR) / International Water Association (IWA) Committee on Marine Outfall Systems.In Latin America and the Caribbean there were 134 outfalls with more than 500 m length in 2006 for wastewater disposal alone, according to a survey by the Panamerican Center for Environmental Engineering (CEPIS) of PAHO. According to the survey, the largest number of municipal wastewater outfalls in the region exist in Venezuela (39), Chile (39) and Brazil (22).Contents1 Advantages 2 Disadvantages 3 Technology 4 Examples 5 Controversies 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links // AdvantagesAccording to the Australian engineer Sharon Beder the main advantages of marine outfalls for the discharge of wastewater are:the natural dilution and dispersion of organic matter, pathogens and other pollutants the ability to keep the sewage field submerged because of the depth at which the sewage is being released the greater die-off rate of pathogens due to the greater distance they will have to travel to shore. They also tend to be less expensive than advanced wastewater treatment plants, using the natural assimilative capacity of the sea instead of energy-intensive treatment processes in a plant. They also require less land.DisadvantagesMarine outfalls for partially treated or untreated wastewater remain controversial. Still according to Sharon Beder, the design calculation and computer models for pollution modeling have been criticized, arguing that dilution has been overemphasized and that other mechanisms work in the opposite direction, such as bioaccumulation of toxins, sedimentation of sludge particles and agglomeration of sewage particles with grease. Accumulative mechanisms include slick formation, windrow formation, flocculate formation and agglomerated formation. Grease or wax can interfer with dispersion, so that bacteria and viruses could be carried to remote locations where the concentration of bacterial predators would be low and the die-off rate much lower.TechnologyOutfalls vary in diameter from as narrow as 15 cm to as wide as 8 meters; the widest registered outfall in the world with 8 m diameter is located in Navia (Spain) for the discharge of industrial wastewater. Outfalls vary in length from 50 meters to 55 km, the longest registered outfalls being the Boston outfall with a length of 16 km and an industrial outfall in Ankleshwar (India) with a length of 55 km. The depth of the deepest point of an outfall varies from 3 m to up to 60 m, the deepest registered outfall being located in Macuto, Vargas (Venezuela) for the discharge of untreated municipal wastewater.Outfall materials include polyethylene, stainless steel, carbon steel, glass-reinforced plastic, reinforced concrete, cast iron or tunnels through rock. Common installation methods for pipelines are float and sink, bottom pull and top pull.ExamplesSubmarine outfalls exist, existed or have been considered - among many others - in the following locations:AfricaCasablanca (Morocco). AsiaManila Bay (Philippines). Mumbai (India). AustraliaSydney. EuropeBarcelona, Spain Costa do Estoril (Portugal), the Marmara Sea near Istanbul (Turkey), San Sebasti (Spain), Split (Croatia), the Thames Estuary downstream of London (UK), and Edinburgh, Scotland. North AmericaHonolulu (USA), the New York Bight (USA), the Southern California Bight (USA), and Victoria, British Columbia, (Canada). Latin America and the CaribbeanCartagena, Colombia, Ipanema near Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). This outfall, built in 1975, discharges untreated wastewater through a pipe with a diameter of 2.4m and a length of 4,775m at a depth of 27m. Sosua (Dominican Republic). ControversiesIn the 1960s the city of Sydney decided to build ocean sewage outfalls to discharge partially treated sewage 2-4 km offshore at a cost of US$ 300 million. In the late 1980s, however, the...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about hydraulic car jack, welding flux, . The products should be show more here!