2009年4月7日星期二

Four-stroke engine

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And you can see more from d2 gas oil synthetic motor oil Automotive Gas Oil gas energy oil Kerosene Lamp Oil petroleum crude oil brand jeans diesel atv off road Sewing Machine Oil Some parts of this article may be misleading.Please help clarify this article. Suggestions may be on the talk page.It may require restructuring to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since February 2009.It is incomplete and may require expansion or cleanup. Tagged since February 2009.It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. (Discuss)Contents1 History 1.1 The Otto cycle 2 Design and engineering principles 2.1 Fuel octane rating 2.2 Power output limit 2.2.1 Intake/Exhaust port flow 2.2.2 Supercharging 2.2.3 Turbocharging 2.3 Rod and Piston-to-Stroke ratio 2.4 Valve train 2.4.1 Valve clearance 2.5 Energy Balance 3 Bibliography 4 See also 5 External links 6 References // Four-stroke cycle used in gasoline and diesel enginesToday, internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, aircraft, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. The four strokes refer to intake, compression, combustion (power) and exhaust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per working cycle of the Gasoline engine and Diesel engine.A four-stroke engine is characterized by four strokes, or reciprocating movements of a piston in a cylinder:intake (induction) stroke compression stroke power stroke exhaust stroke In this example animation, the right blue side is the intake and the left yellow side is the exhaust. The cylinder wall is a thin sleeve surrounded by cooling water.The cycle begins at top dead center (TDC), when the piston is farthest away from the axis of the crankshaft. On the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the piston descends from the top of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced (by atmospheric or greater pressure) into the cylinder through the intake (inlet) port. The intake (inlet) valve (or valves) then close(s), and the compression stroke compresses the fuel鏈糹r mixture.The air鏉卽el mixture is then ignited near the end of the compression stroke, usually by a spark plug (for a gasoline or Otto cycle engine) or by the heat and pressure of compression (for a Diesel cycle or compression ignition engine). The resulting pressure of burning gases pushes the piston through the power stroke. In the exhaust stroke, the piston pushes the products of combustion from the cylinder through an exhaust valve or valves.Starting position, intake stroke, and compression stroke. Ignition of fuel, power stroke, and exhaust stroke.HistoryThe Otto cycleIt has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. (Discuss)This is a video montage of the Otto engines running at the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion (WMSTR), in Rollag, Minnesota. (2min 16sec, 320x240, 340 kbit/s video)The four-stroke engine was first patented by Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci in 1854, followed by a first prototype in 1860. It was also conceptualized by French engineer, Alphonse Beau de Rochas in 1862.However, the German engineer Nicolaus Otto was the first to develop a functioning four-stroke engine, which is why the four-stroke principle today is commonly known as the Otto cycle and four-stroke engines using spark plugs often are called Otto engines. The Otto Cycle consists of adiabatic compression, heat addition at constant volume, adiabatic expansion and rejection of heat at constant volume.Design and engineering principlesFuel octane ratingMain article: Octane ratingInternal combustion engine power primarily originates from the expansion of gases in the power stroke. Compressing the fuel and air into a very small space increases the efficiency of the power stroke, but increasing the cylinder compression ratio also increases the heating of the fuel as the mixture is compressed (following Charles's law).A highly flammable fuel with a low self-ignition temperature can combust before the cylinder reaches top-dead-center, potentially forcing the piston backwards against rotation. Alternately, a fuel which self-ignites at top-dead-center but before the cylinder has started downwards can damage the piston and cylinder due to the extreme thermal energy concentrated into a very small space with no relief. This damage is often referred to as engine knocking and can lead to permanent engine damage if it occurs frequently.The octane rating is a measure of the fuel's resistance to self-ignition, by increasing the temperature at which it will self-ignite. A fuel with a greater octane rating allows for a much higher compression ratio without the risk of damage due to self-ignition.Diesel engines rely on self-ignition for the engine to function. They solve...(and so on)


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