Strongyloidiasis

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And you can see more from All Purpose Wipes g unit wallpaper brown paper kraft laura ashley wallpaper glass ash trays gold leaf wallpaper wine bottle trays kotex sanitary napkins Vase Glass Decorative StrongyloidiasisClassification and external resourcesStrongyloides stercoralis larva. Source: CDCICD-10B78.ICD-9127.2DiseasesDB12559MeSHD013322Strongyloidiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by the nematode (roundworm) Strongyloides stercoralis. Other Strongyloides include S. f榛甽eborni, which infects chimpanzees and baboons and may produce limited infections in humans.Contents1 Life cycle 2 Geographic distribution 3 Clinical features 3.1 Uncomplicated strongyloidiasis 3.2 Disseminated strongyloidiasis 4 Laboratory diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 References 7 External links // Life cycleThe Strongyloides' life cycle is more complex than that of most nematodes with its alternation between free-living and parasitic cycles, and its potential for autoinfection and multiplication within the host. Two types of cycles exist:Free-living cycle: The rabditiform larvae passed in the stool can either molt twice and become infective filariform larvae (direct development) or molt four times and become free living adult males and females that mate and produce eggs from which rabditiform larvae hatch. The latter in turn can either develop into a new generation of free-living adults, or into infective filariform larvae. The filariform larvae penetrate the human host skin to initiate the parasitic cycle. Parasitic cycle: Filariform larvae in contaminated soil penetrate the human skin , and are transported to the lungs where they penetrate the alveolar spaces; they are carried through the bronchial tree to the pharynx, are swallowed and then reach the small intestine. In the small intestine they molt twice and become adult female worms. The females live threaded in the epithelium of the small intestine and by parthenogenesis produce eggs, which yield rabditiform larvae. The rabditiform larvae can either be passed in the stool (see "Free-living cycle" above), or can cause autoinfection. In autoinfection, the rabditiform larvae become infective filariform larvae, which can penetrate either the intestinal mucosa (internal autoinfection) or the skin of the perianal area (external autoinfection); in either case, the filariform larvae may follow the previously described route, being carried successively to the lungs, the bronchial tree, the pharynx, and the small intestine where they mature into adults; or they may disseminate widely in the body. To date, occurrence of autoinfection in humans with helminthic infections is recognized only in Strongyloides stercoralis and Capillaria philippinensis infections. In the case of Strongyloides, autoinfection may explain the possibility of persistent infections for many years in persons who have not been in an endemic area and of hyperinfections in immunodepressed individuals. Geographic distributionTropical and subtropical areas, but cases also occur in temperate areas (including the South of the United States). More frequently found in rural areas, institutional settings, and lower socio-economic groups.Clinical featuresUncomplicated strongyloidiasisFrequently asymptomatic. Gastrointestinal system symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. Pulmonary symptoms (including L?ffler's syndrome) can occur during pulmonary migration of the filariform larvae. Dermatologic manifestations include urticarial rashes in the buttocks and waist areas. Blood eosinophilia is generally present.Strongyloidiasis can become chronic and then become completely asymptomatic.Strongyloidiasis resulting from persistent infection can greatly mimic peptic ulcer and gallbladder disease. Many individuals with persistent strongyloidiasis undergo treatment or surgery for both peptic ulcer and gallbladder disease and then they fail to respond to the surgery or treatment.Giving proton pump inhibitors, such as Nexium, Prilosec, Protonix and the likes, greatly reduces the HCl content of the stomach and allows the strongyloides to thrive. That is why often individuals with strongyloidiasis develop worse epigastric distress when placed on PPI's.Finding strongyloides in the stool is negative in up to 70% of tests. It is important to undergo frequent stool sampling as well as duodenal biopsy if a bad infection is suspected. Treatment of strongyloides can be difficult and has been known to live in individuals for upwards of 30 years. It is important to continue to check for strongyloides in the stool for 1-2 years after treatment. Continued treatment may be necessary if symptoms persist. Treatment should be continued until symptoms resolve themselves.In more advanced cases strongyloidiasis can create nodulation to begin to form in the lymphatic system of the small bowel. This can mimic Crohn's disease. It is incredibly important not to undergo steroid treatment for...(and so on)


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